Skip to main content

Lahusti Lahustite füüsikalised omadused | Vaata ka | Navigeerimismenüü

Multi tool use
Multi tool use

LahusedAined


vedelikkegaasetahkeid aineidvesimetanooletanoolatsetoonbenseentolueenmetüleenkloriidtetraklorosüsiniketüülatsetaatKromatograafiaseluendiksEkstraheerimisprotsessidesekstrahendiksbensiinpetrooleetervääveltolueenissüsinikdisulfiidispallaadiummetallvesinikkufüüsikalised omadusedpolaarsustdielektriline konstant










(function()var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node)node.outerHTML="u003Cdiv class="mw-dismissable-notice"u003Eu003Cdiv class="mw-dismissable-notice-close"u003E[u003Ca tabindex="0" role="button"u003Epeidau003C/au003E]u003C/divu003Eu003Cdiv class="mw-dismissable-notice-body"u003Eu003Cdiv id="localNotice" lang="et" dir="ltr"u003Eu003Cpu003Eu003Cbigu003EOsale artiklivõistlusel u003Ca href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Wikimedia_CEE_Spring_2019" title="Vikipeedia:Wikimedia CEE Spring 2019"u003EKesk- ja Ida-Euroopa kevadu003C/au003E!u003C/bigu003Enu003C/pu003Eu003C/divu003Eu003C/divu003Eu003C/divu003E";());




Lahusti




Allikas: Vikipeedia






Jump to navigation
Jump to search


Lahusti ehk solvent on aine (tavaliselt vedelik), mis on võimeline lahustama teisi aineid - vedelikke, gaase või tahkeid aineid. Saadud lahuses on lahustunud aine ühtlaselt jaotunud. Kõige levinumaks lahustiks on vesi, orgaanilistest lahustitest on levinud metanool, etanool, atsetoon, benseen, tolueen, metüleenkloriid, tetraklorosüsinik, etüülatsetaat.


Kromatograafias kasutatavaid lahusteid või nende segusid nimetatakse ka eluendiks. Ekstraheerimisprotsessides kasutatavaid selektiivseid lahusteid kutsutakse ekstrahendiks.


Lahustitena kasutatakse tihti (orgaaniliste) ühendite segusid, näiteks naftatöötlemise produktid nagu bensiin ja petrooleeter.


Paljudel lahustitel on madal keemistemperatuur ja nad auruvad kergesti, jättes lahustunud aine maha.


Ainete lahustuvus sõltub oluliselt solvendi omadustest ja temperatuurist. Mõned ained lahustuvad hästi orgaanilistes lahustites, mõned ained lahustuvad hästi vees, mõned ei kummaski. Näiteks lihtaine väävel ei lahustu vees, küll aga lahustub vähesel määral etanoolis ja tolueenis. Väga hästi lahustub väävel süsinikdisulfiidis.


On ka erandlikke ja vähem tuntud lahusteid – näiteks pallaadium on metall, mis suudab normaaltingimustel absorbeerida ruumalalt endast 900 korda suurema koguse vesinikku.


Lahustid võib jagada kolme põhirühma:



  • mittepolaarsed solvendid


  • polaarsed aprotoonsed solvendid

  • polaarsed protoonsed solvendid.


Lahustite füüsikalised omadused |


Alltoodud tabelis on olulisemate lahustite füüsikalised omadused. Lahusti polaarsust näitab dielektriline konstant.




































































































































































Solvent

Keemiline valem

Keemistemperatuur

Dielektriline konstant

Tihedus

Dipoolmoment

Mittepolaarsed solvendid

Pentaan
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH336 °C
1,84
0,626 g/ml
0,00 D

Tsüklopentaan
C5H1040 °C
1,97
0,751 g/ml
0,00 D

Heksaan
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH369 °C
1,88
0,655 g/ml
0,00 D

Tsükloheksaan
C6H1281 °C
2,02
0,779 g/ml
0,00 D

Benseen
C6H680 °C
2,3
0,879 g/ml
0,00 D

Tolueen
C6H5-CH3
111 °C
2,38
0,867 g/ml
0,36 D

1,4-dioksaan

/-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-

101 °C
2,3

1,033 g/ml
0,45 D

Kloroform
CHCl361 °C
4,81

1,498 g/ml
1,04 D

Dietüüleeter
CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH335 °C
4,3
0,713 g/ml
1,15 D

Polaarsed aprotoonsed solvendid

Diklorometaan (DCM)
CH2Cl240 °C
9,1

1,3266 g/ml
1,60 D

Tetrahüdrofuraan (THF)

/-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-
66 °C
7,5
0,886 g/ml
1,75 D

Etüülatsetaat
CH3-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH377 °C
6,02
0,894 g/ml
1,78 D

Atsetoon
CH3-C(=O)-CH356 °C
21
0,786 g/ml

2,88 D

Dimetüülformamiid (DMF)
H-C(=O)N(CH3)2
153 °C
38
0,944 g/ml

3,82 D

Atsetonitriil (MeCN)
CH3-C≡N
82 °C
37,5
0,786 g/ml

3,92 D

Dimetüülsulfoksiid (DMSO)
CH3-S(=O)-CH3
189 °C
46,7

1,092 g/ml

3,96 D

Propüleenkarbonaat
C4H6O3
240 °C
64,0

1,205 g/ml

4,9 D

Polaarsed protoonsed solvendid

Sipelghape
H-C(=O)OH

101 °C
58

1,21 g/ml
1,41 D

n-butanool
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH

118 °C
18
0,810 g/ml
1,63 D

Isopropanool (IPA)
CH3-CH(-OH)-CH382 °C
18
0,785 g/ml
1,66 D

n-propanool
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
97 °C
20
0,803 g/ml
1,68 D

Etanool
CH3-CH2-OH
79 °C
24,55
0,789 g/ml
1,69 D

Metanool
CH3-OH
65 °C
33
0,791 g/ml
1,70 D

Äädikhape
CH3-C(=O)OH

118 °C
6,2

1,049 g/ml
1,74 D

Nitrometaan
CH3-NO2
100–103 °C
35,87

1,1371 g/ml

3,56 D

Vesi
H-O-H
100 °C
80
1,000 g/ml
1,85 D


Vaata ka |


  • Lakibensiin

  • Atsetoon

  • Tärpentin

  • Bensiin

  • Nitrolahusti

  • Metanool

  • Protoonne lahusti

  • Lahustamine

  • Lahustuvus

  • Solvatatsioon




Pärit leheküljelt "https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahusti&oldid=3940726"










Navigeerimismenüü


























(window.RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function()mw.config.set("wgPageParseReport":"limitreport":"cputime":"0.044","walltime":"0.049","ppvisitednodes":"value":78,"limit":1000000,"ppgeneratednodes":"value":0,"limit":1500000,"postexpandincludesize":"value":0,"limit":2097152,"templateargumentsize":"value":0,"limit":2097152,"expansiondepth":"value":2,"limit":40,"expensivefunctioncount":"value":0,"limit":500,"unstrip-depth":"value":0,"limit":20,"unstrip-size":"value":0,"limit":5000000,"entityaccesscount":"value":0,"limit":400,"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"],"cachereport":"origin":"mw1336","timestamp":"20190322135826","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false);mw.config.set("wgBackendResponseTime":95,"wgHostname":"mw1269"););x2Hzgj4U7ZuLIioX UyNXF9z
-
wp1Rtevg yBBKpepLO oXUjL02BYetEG1KyJnGHO,GnogubR

Popular posts from this blog

Creating centerline of river in QGIS? The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are In Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara Planned maintenance scheduled April 17/18, 2019 at 00:00UTC (8:00pm US/Eastern)Finding centrelines from polygons in QGIS?Splitting line into two lines with GRASS GIS?Centroid of the equator and a pointpostgis: problems creating flow direction polyline; not all needed connections are drawnhow to make decent sense from scattered river depth measurementsQGIS Interpolation on Curved Grid (River DEMs)How to create automatic parking baysShortest path creation between two linesclipping layer using query builder in QGISFinding which side of closest polyline point lies on in QGIS?Create centerline from multi-digitized roadway lines Qgis 2.18Getting bathymetric contours confined only within river banks using QGIS?

Image
Calculating the number of coins in money change How could chocolate be as addictive as heroin? What do you call a plan that's an alternative plan in case your initial plan fails? Python - Fishing Simulator Simulating Exploding Dice Active filter with series inductor and resistor - do these exist? How can I protect witches in combat who wear limited clothing? Am I ethically obligated to go into work on an off day if the reason is sudden? Format single node in tikzcd Didn't get enough time to take a Coding Test - what to do now? Why can't wing-mounted spoilers be used to steepen approaches? How is simplicity better than precision and clarity in prose? Is there a trick to getting spices to fix to nuts? What can I do if neighbor is blocking my solar panels intentionally? Hiding Certain Lines on Table Wolves and sheep Make it rain characters Can the prologue be the backstory of your main character? Difference between はじめる and ...
Read more

What is the result of assigning to std::vector::begin()? The Next CEO of Stack OverflowWhat are the differences between a pointer variable and a reference variable in C++?What does the explicit keyword mean?Concatenating two std::vectorsHow to find out if an item is present in a std::vector?Why is “using namespace std” considered bad practice?What is the “-->” operator in C++?What is the easiest way to initialize a std::vector with hardcoded elements?What is The Rule of Three?What are the basic rules and idioms for operator overloading?Why are std::begin and std::end “not memory safe”?

Image
Is there a way to save my career from absolute disaster? Why didn't Khan get resurrected in the Genesis Explosion? How to make a variable always equal to the result of some calculations? What can we do to stop prior company from asking us questions? How do we know the LHC results are robust? How does the mv command work with external drives? What is ( CFMCC ) on ILS approach chart? Between two walls Should I tutor a student who I know has cheated on their homework? How do scammers retract money, while you can’t? What happens if you roll doubles 3 times then land on "Go to jail?" What is the result of assigning to std::vector<T>::begin()? How to count occurrences of text in a file? What was the first Unix version to run on a microcomputer? Return the Closest Prime Number How did people program for Consoles with multiple CPUs? What does convergence in distribution "in the Gromov–Hausdorff" sense mean? How should I support th...
Read more