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vedelikkegaasetahkeid aineidvesimetanooletanoolatsetoonbenseentolueenmetüleenkloriidtetraklorosüsiniketüülatsetaatKromatograafiaseluendiksEkstraheerimisprotsessidesekstrahendiksbensiinpetrooleetervääveltolueenissüsinikdisulfiidispallaadiummetallvesinikkufüüsikalised omadusedpolaarsustdielektriline konstant










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Lahusti




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Lahusti ehk solvent on aine (tavaliselt vedelik), mis on võimeline lahustama teisi aineid - vedelikke, gaase või tahkeid aineid. Saadud lahuses on lahustunud aine ühtlaselt jaotunud. Kõige levinumaks lahustiks on vesi, orgaanilistest lahustitest on levinud metanool, etanool, atsetoon, benseen, tolueen, metüleenkloriid, tetraklorosüsinik, etüülatsetaat.


Kromatograafias kasutatavaid lahusteid või nende segusid nimetatakse ka eluendiks. Ekstraheerimisprotsessides kasutatavaid selektiivseid lahusteid kutsutakse ekstrahendiks.


Lahustitena kasutatakse tihti (orgaaniliste) ühendite segusid, näiteks naftatöötlemise produktid nagu bensiin ja petrooleeter.


Paljudel lahustitel on madal keemistemperatuur ja nad auruvad kergesti, jättes lahustunud aine maha.


Ainete lahustuvus sõltub oluliselt solvendi omadustest ja temperatuurist. Mõned ained lahustuvad hästi orgaanilistes lahustites, mõned ained lahustuvad hästi vees, mõned ei kummaski. Näiteks lihtaine väävel ei lahustu vees, küll aga lahustub vähesel määral etanoolis ja tolueenis. Väga hästi lahustub väävel süsinikdisulfiidis.


On ka erandlikke ja vähem tuntud lahusteid – näiteks pallaadium on metall, mis suudab normaaltingimustel absorbeerida ruumalalt endast 900 korda suurema koguse vesinikku.


Lahustid võib jagada kolme põhirühma:



  • mittepolaarsed solvendid


  • polaarsed aprotoonsed solvendid

  • polaarsed protoonsed solvendid.


Lahustite füüsikalised omadused |


Alltoodud tabelis on olulisemate lahustite füüsikalised omadused. Lahusti polaarsust näitab dielektriline konstant.




































































































































































Solvent

Keemiline valem

Keemistemperatuur

Dielektriline konstant

Tihedus

Dipoolmoment

Mittepolaarsed solvendid

Pentaan
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH336 °C
1,84
0,626 g/ml
0,00 D

Tsüklopentaan
C5H1040 °C
1,97
0,751 g/ml
0,00 D

Heksaan
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH369 °C
1,88
0,655 g/ml
0,00 D

Tsükloheksaan
C6H1281 °C
2,02
0,779 g/ml
0,00 D

Benseen
C6H680 °C
2,3
0,879 g/ml
0,00 D

Tolueen
C6H5-CH3
111 °C
2,38
0,867 g/ml
0,36 D

1,4-dioksaan

/-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-

101 °C
2,3

1,033 g/ml
0,45 D

Kloroform
CHCl361 °C
4,81

1,498 g/ml
1,04 D

Dietüüleeter
CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH335 °C
4,3
0,713 g/ml
1,15 D

Polaarsed aprotoonsed solvendid

Diklorometaan (DCM)
CH2Cl240 °C
9,1

1,3266 g/ml
1,60 D

Tetrahüdrofuraan (THF)

/-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-
66 °C
7,5
0,886 g/ml
1,75 D

Etüülatsetaat
CH3-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH377 °C
6,02
0,894 g/ml
1,78 D

Atsetoon
CH3-C(=O)-CH356 °C
21
0,786 g/ml

2,88 D

Dimetüülformamiid (DMF)
H-C(=O)N(CH3)2
153 °C
38
0,944 g/ml

3,82 D

Atsetonitriil (MeCN)
CH3-C≡N
82 °C
37,5
0,786 g/ml

3,92 D

Dimetüülsulfoksiid (DMSO)
CH3-S(=O)-CH3
189 °C
46,7

1,092 g/ml

3,96 D

Propüleenkarbonaat
C4H6O3
240 °C
64,0

1,205 g/ml

4,9 D

Polaarsed protoonsed solvendid

Sipelghape
H-C(=O)OH

101 °C
58

1,21 g/ml
1,41 D

n-butanool
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH

118 °C
18
0,810 g/ml
1,63 D

Isopropanool (IPA)
CH3-CH(-OH)-CH382 °C
18
0,785 g/ml
1,66 D

n-propanool
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
97 °C
20
0,803 g/ml
1,68 D

Etanool
CH3-CH2-OH
79 °C
24,55
0,789 g/ml
1,69 D

Metanool
CH3-OH
65 °C
33
0,791 g/ml
1,70 D

Äädikhape
CH3-C(=O)OH

118 °C
6,2

1,049 g/ml
1,74 D

Nitrometaan
CH3-NO2
100–103 °C
35,87

1,1371 g/ml

3,56 D

Vesi
H-O-H
100 °C
80
1,000 g/ml
1,85 D


Vaata ka |


  • Lakibensiin

  • Atsetoon

  • Tärpentin

  • Bensiin

  • Nitrolahusti

  • Metanool

  • Protoonne lahusti

  • Lahustamine

  • Lahustuvus

  • Solvatatsioon




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