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Teadusfilosoofia


sündmusseaduspärakirjelduseleteadusfilosoofiasteadusel










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Seletus




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Seletus on edukas vastus küsimusele, miks leidis aset mingi konkreetne sündmus või miks on olemas mingi nähtus (sealhulgas mingi seaduspära).


Seletust vastandatakse kirjeldusele, mis ütleb, mis ja kuidas on või toimub, mitte aga seda, miks see on või toimub. Erinevad seletuse teooriad mõtestavad seletuse ja kirjelduse erinevust erinevalt.


Seletust uuritakse teadusfilosoofias, eeldades, et seletusel teadusel ja väljaspool teadust ei ole põhimõttelist erinevust, lihtsalt teadus kaldub olema detailsem, täpsem, rangem jne. Sellepärast oodatakse seletuse filosoofiliselt teoorialt, et see haaraks ka vähemalt osa mittefilosoofilisi seletusi.


Eristub subjektiivne ja objektiivne seletus, ning kogemuseelne seletus (aprioorne seletus) ja kogemusjärgne seletus (empiiriline seletus).



Kogemusjärgne seletus |


Seletus on (teadusuuringutes) väited, mis konstrueeritakse faktide kogumi kirjeldamiseks, ning nende faktide põhjuste, konteksti ja tagajärje selgituseks. Seletusega (miks ja kuidas) võib kehtestada eeskirju või seadusi ning võib selgitada kehtivaid reegleid ja / või seadusi, mis käsitlevad objekte ja nähtusi. Seletuse osad võivad olla kaudsed ja omavahel seotud. Sellist seletust edastavad erinevad kommunikatsioonivahendid, näiteks muusika, tekst ja graafika. Seletus on tõlgendatav ja vaieldav.


Seletus on võimalus leida uusi teadmisi ja uuritavate nähtuste erinevate osade suhtestusi. Selgitustel on erinev seletusjõud. Näiteks oletus (hüpotees) on teoreetiline vahend, mida kasutatakse empiiriliste uuringute selgituste testimiseks.



Kirjandus |



  • Carl Hempel, Paul Oppenheim. Studies in Logic of Explanation. – Philosophy of Science, 1948, 15, lk 135-175. Veebiversioon.

  • P. Gardiner (toim). The Nature of Historical Explanation, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1959.

    • Michael Scriven. Truisms as the Grounds of Historical Explanations.


  • Herbert Feigl, G. Maxwell (toim). Scientific Explanation, Space, and Time, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, kd 3, Minneapolis 1962.

    • Michael Scriven. Explanations, Predictions, and Laws, lk 170–230.


    • Carl Hempel. Deductive-Nomological vs. Statistical Explanation.


  • Explanation in Science and History. – R. C. Colodny (toim). Frontiers of Science and Philosophy, Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh Press 1962, lk 9–19. Vaata Carl Hempel#Seletus teaduses ja ajaloos.


  • Carl Hempel. Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science, 1965.


  • Carl Hempel. Philosophy of Natural Science, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: 1966. Eesti keeles: Loodusteaduse filosoofia, Avatud Eesti Raamatu sari, Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus 2014, tõlkinud Tiiu Hallap, järelsõna Rein Vihalemm.


  • Bas van Fraassen. The Pragmatics of Explanation. – American Philosophical Quarterly, 1977, 14, lk 143-150. Vaata Bas van Fraassen#Seletuse pragmaatika.


  • Philip Kitcher, Wesley C. Salmon (toim). Scientific Explanation, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, kd XIII, 1989.
    • Wesley C. Salmon. Four Decades of Scientific Explanation, lk 3–219.


  • Nancy Cartwright. From Causation to Explanation and Back. – Brian Leiter (toim). The Future for Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004.


Välislingid |



  • James Woodward. Scientific Explanation, Stanfordi filosoofiaentsüklopeedia, 2014



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