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Staatiline elekter Sisukord Tekkepõhjus | Staatilise elektri vältimine | Välk | Viited | NavigeerimismenüüBasic Electrical Engineering With Numerical Problems"http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/static_electricity.html""Static shocks, and how to avoid them"Antistatic Bags for PartsAntistatic Wrist Strap"How Lightning Works"

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ElekterElektrostaatika


elektrilaenguteobjektimaapinnagaelektrilahenduselevälgukselekterElektronideõhu niiskusePolümeerpõrandadelektroonikatööstusespooljuhidelektroonikagaVälkvoltiElektrilahenduselööklaine










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Staatiline elekter




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Staatiline elekter on tasakaalust välja viidud elektrilaengute kogum objekti pinnal või selle sees.


Elektrilaengud jäävad püsima objektile, kuni nad saavad väljuda kokkupuutel maapinnaga või kaotavad oma laengu tänu elektrilahendusele. Sellist nähtust nimetatakse looduses välguks.[1]




Sisukord





  • 1 Tekkepõhjus


  • 2 Staatilise elektri vältimine


  • 3 Välk


  • 4 Viited




Tekkepõhjus |




Õhupall tõmbub seina külge, kuna erimärgilised laengud tõmbuvad


Staatiline elekter tekib kehas või selle pinnal elektrilaengute ebatasakaalu tõttu. Kahe keha kokkupuutel võivad elektronid ühelt kehalt teisele kanduda, mille tõttu tekib kehadele erinev elektrilaeng. Üks keha saab positiivse, teine negatiivse laengu. Elektronide arv jääb samaks, kuid nende paiknevus muutub.[2]



Staatilise elektri vältimine |




Antistaatiline kott elektroonikakomponentide jaoks


Staatilist elektrit saab vältida hoonetes ja ruumides õhu niiskuse suurendamisega, mis ei luba õhul ioniseerida.
Peale õhuniiskuse on oluline ka see, mis materjalist on tehtud põrand, riided ja jalanõud. Polümeerpõrandad ja vanemad nailonvaibad suurendavad staatilise laengu tekkimise võimalust.[3] Tööstuses, kus on vajalik hoida staatilised elektrilaengud võimalikult madalal tasemel, luuakse ESD alad. ESD on lühend inglise keelest electrostatic discharge. Nendel aladel kasutatakse sobivatest materjalidest valmistatud põrandakatteid, tööriideid, tööriistu jne. Nende mõte on selles, et laengu tekkimisel kohe see sujuvalt maandada, nii et väheneks võimalus ootamatuteks ohtlike laengute maandumisteks läbi tundlike elektroonikaseadmete. Õhuniiskus ja soojus, vähendavad staatiliste laengute tekkimist. Kuivus ja jahedus soodustavad laengu tekkimist. Kus on vaja võimalikult perfektset ESD kaitset, EPA (electrostatic protection area) ala, seal kasutatakse täiendavaid vahendeid laengute neutraliseerimiseks. Ioniseeritud õhu ventilaatori puhul toimub nii positiivsete kui negatiivsete ioonide õhkupaiskamine. See aitab täiendavalt võimalike pingete maandamist. Laengute tekkimine on aga nagu hõõrdejõud paratamatu reaalsus. Laengute tekkimist ennast vältida ei õnnestu. Sest laengud tekivad isegi induktiivsel moel, kus laetud keha ei ole kontaktis kehaga, mida laetakse. Laeng antakse edasi elektromagnetvälja abil. Parim, mida teha saab on maksimaalselt laenguid kanaliseerida, neutraliseerida st sujuvalt maandada ja kaitsta tundlikke objekte võimalike kahjude eest näiteks sobivate pakenditega. ESD teemaga seoses on oluline tunda elektrilise laengu tekkimise seaduspärasusi, näiteks erinevate materjalide omadusi hõõrdumisel laengu tekkimise suhtes. Tabel, mis iseloomustab seda ainete omadust on triboelektriline tabel. Selle ühes otsas on ained, mis pigem saavad hõõrdumisel + laengu, keskel on neutraalsed ja teises osas on ained, mis kergelt - laengu omandavad.




Kuna elektroonikatööstuses kasutusel olevad pooljuhid on tundlikud staatilisele elektrile, siis on hoiustamisel võimalik elektroonikat kaitsta antistaatiliste kottidega.
Lisaks on elektroonikaga tegeledes võimalik kasutada antistaatilist käepaela, mis ei lase staatilisel elektril kahjustada tundlikke elektriseadmeid ja -komponente.[4][5]



Välk |



Next.svg Pikemalt artiklis Välk.

Välk on loodusnähtus, kus pilvedes tekkinud staatiline elekter vabaneb.
Staatiline elekter tekib pilvedes olevate jäätükkide omavahelisel hõõrdumisel. Vabanenud laengu pinge on keskmiselt 10 000 volti sentimeetri kohta. Elektrilahenduse käigus kuumeneb laengut ümbritsev keskkond ja tekib lööklaine, mille tõttu näeme valgussähvatust ning kuuleme raginat. Enamus välgulööke esineb õhus, kuid kui negatiivselt laetud pilve alumine osa satub positiivselt laetud maapinnale piisavalt lähedale, tekib elektrilahendus pilve ja maapinna vahel.[6]



Viited |




  1. ↑ Dhogal, P.S. (1986). Basic Electrical Engineering With Numerical Problems 1. Tata McGraw-Hill Education,. p. 41. ISBN 978-0074-515-86-0. 


  2. ↑ "http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/static_electricity.html".


  3. ↑ "Static shocks, and how to avoid them". electrostatics. Kasutatud 16. veebruar 2017.


  4. ↑ Antistatic Bags for Parts. PC Chop Shop (John Wiley and Sons). 2004. ISBN 978-0-7821-4360-7. Vaadatud 2017-02-13. 


  5. ↑ Antistatic Wrist Strap. PC Chop Shop (John Wiley and Sons). 2004. ISBN 978-0-7821-4360-7. Vaadatud 2017-02-13. 


  6. ↑ "How Lightning Works".










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